Extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases

Shaimardanova, Alisa A.; Solovyeva, Valeriya V.; Chulpanova, Daria S.; James, Victoria; Kitaeva, Kristina V.; Rizvanov, Albert A.

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles, exosomes and microvesicles, play a fundamental role in the activity of the nervous system, participating in signal transmission between neurons and providing the interaction of central nervous system (CNS) with all body systems. In various pathological processes in CNS extracellular vesicles can help eliminate toxic agents from cells, but at the same time they provide the distribution of these agents into healthy cells. Thus, extracellular vesicle cargo varies on the functional state of the CNS, the analysis of EV molecular content contributes to the development of non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of many CNS diseases. Extracellular vesicles of neuronal origin can be isolated from various biological fluids due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Today, the diagnostic potential of almost all toxic proteins involved in nervous system disease pathogenesis, specifically ?-synuclein, tau protein, SOD1, FUS, LRRK2 as well as some synaptic proteins, has been proven. Special attention is paid to extracellular RNAs mostly associated with EVs, which are important in the onset and development of many neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on parental cell type, extracellular vesicles may have different therapeutic properties, including neuroprotective, regenerative, anti-inflammatory, etc. Also, modern modification approaches allow loading EVs with specific molecules and changing their surface molecules to achieve targeting of various cells, including neurons. Due to nano size, biosafety, ability to cross the BBB, possibility of targeted delivery and the lack of an immune response, extracellular vesicles are a promising vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic substances for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and drug delivery to the brain. This review describes modern approaches of diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases using extracellular vesicles.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Oct 11, 2019
• Online Publication Date: Oct 18, 2019
• Publication Date: 2020
• Deposit Date: Oct 16, 2019
• Publicly Available Date: Oct 18, 2019
• Journal: Neural Regeneration Research
• Print ISSN: 1673-5374
• Electronic ISSN: 1876-7958
• Publisher: Medknow Publications
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 15
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 586=596
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.266908
• Keywords: Exosomes, Microvesicles, Extracellular vesicles, Neurodegenerative diseases, Cell-mediated therapy, Diagnosis, Biomarkers, Micro RNAs, Extracellular RNAs, CNS diseases
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2847647
• Publisher URL: http://www.nrronline.org/article.asp?issn=1673-5374;year=2020;volume=15;issue=4;spage=586;epage=596;aulast=Shaimardanova